NCERT Formulas Class 10 Science Chapter 2 Acids Bases and Salts

🧪 Reaction with Metals

Acids and bases react with metals to produce salt and liberate Hydrogen gas.

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$$\text{Acid} + \text{Metal} \rightarrow \text{Salt} + H_2 \uparrow$$ $$\text{Base} + \text{Metal} \rightarrow \text{Salt} + H_2 \uparrow$$
Example: $$2NaOH + Zn \rightarrow Na_2ZnO_2 (\text{Sodium Zincate}) + H_2$$

[Image of reaction of zinc granules with dilute sulphuric acid and testing hydrogen gas by burning]

⚖️ Neutralization Reaction

The reaction between an acid and a base to give a salt and water is known as a neutralization reaction.

$$\text{Base} + \text{Acid} \rightarrow \text{Salt} + \text{Water}$$
Example: $$NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) \rightarrow NaCl(aq) + H_2O(l)$$

🫧 Reaction with Carbonates

Acids react with metal carbonates and hydrogencarbonates to produce salt, water, and $CO_2$.

$$\text{Metal Carbonate/Bicarbonate} + \text{Acid} \rightarrow \text{Salt} + H_2O + CO_2 \uparrow$$
Lime Water Test: $$Ca(OH)_2 + CO_2 \rightarrow CaCO_3 (\text{White ppt}) + H_2O$$

🌈 The pH Scale

A scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

$$pH = -\log_{10}[H^+]$$

pH < 7: Acidic | pH = 7: Neutral | pH > 7: Basic

[Image of pH scale showing colors from 0 to 14]

🧂 Important Chemical Formulas

Essential salts and their chemical preparations from the Chlor-alkali process and other methods.

1. Bleaching Powder: $$Ca(OH)_2 + Cl_2 \rightarrow CaOCl_2 + H_2O$$

2. Baking Soda: $$NaCl + H_2O + CO_2 + NH_3 \rightarrow NH_4Cl + NaHCO_3$$

3. Washing Soda: $$Na_2CO_3 + 10H_2O \rightarrow Na_2CO_3 \cdot 10H_2O$$

4. Plaster of Paris (POP): $$CaSO_4 \cdot 2H_2O \xrightarrow{373K} CaSO_4 \cdot \frac{1}{2}H_2O + 1\frac{1}{2}H_2O$$