NCERT Formulas Class 10 Science Chapter 3 Metals and Non Metals

🔥 Reaction with Oxygen

Metals combine with oxygen to form metal oxides. Most metal oxides are basic, but some are amphoteric.

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$$\text{Metal} + \text{Oxygen} \rightarrow \text{Metal Oxide}$$
Amphoteric Oxides (Aluminium Oxide): $$Al_2O_3 + 6HCl \rightarrow 2AlCl_3 + 3H_2O$$ $$Al_2O_3 + 2NaOH \rightarrow 2NaAlO_2 (\text{Sodium Aluminate}) + H_2O$$

💧 Reaction with Water

Metals react with water to produce metal oxide/hydroxide and hydrogen gas.

$$\text{Metal} + \text{Water} \rightarrow \text{Metal Oxide} + H_2$$ $$\text{Metal Oxide} + \text{Water} \rightarrow \text{Metal Hydroxide}$$
Reaction with Steam: $$3Fe(s) + 4H_2O(g) \rightarrow Fe_3O_4(s) + 4H_2(g)$$

📊 Reactivity Series Displacement

A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its salt solution.

$$\text{Metal A} + \text{Salt Solution of B} \rightarrow \text{Salt Solution of A} + \text{Metal B}$$

Order: $K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > H > Cu > Hg > Ag > Au$

⚡ Formation of Ionic Compounds

Formed by the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal.

$$MgCl_2 \text{ Formation:}$$ $$Mg \rightarrow Mg^{2+} + 2e^-$$ $$Cl_2 + 2e^- \rightarrow 2Cl^-$$ $$Mg^{2+} + [Cl]^-_{2} \rightarrow MgCl_2$$

⛏️ Metallurgy Formulas

Key chemical reactions for extracting metals from ores (Roasting and Calcination).

Roasting (Sulphide Ores): $$2ZnS + 3O_2 \xrightarrow{\Delta} 2ZnO + 2SO_2$$

Calcination (Carbonate Ores): $$ZnCO_3 \xrightarrow{\Delta} ZnO + CO_2$$

Reduction (Thermit Process): $$Fe_2O_3(s) + 2Al(s) \rightarrow 2Fe(l) + Al_2O_3(s) + \text{Heat}$$

⚗️ Electrolytic Refining

Purification of impure metals (like Copper).

$$\text{At Anode (Impure): } Cu(s) \rightarrow Cu^{2+} + 2e^-$$ $$\text{At Cathode (Pure): } Cu^{2+} + 2e^- \rightarrow Cu(s)$$

[Image of electrolytic refining of copper]