Use of Statistical Tools

(b) Identifying a problem or area of study.
Reason: This lays the foundation for the rest of the project steps.

(b) Questionnaire or interviews.
Reason: Primary data is collected first-hand, often via surveys or interviews.

(c) Measure of Central Tendency.
Reason: It signifies the typical value around which data clusters, like mean or median.

(a) Pie diagram.
Reason: Pie charts effectively represent proportionate data among categories.

Primary data refers to data collected firsthand by the investigator for a specific purpose using methods like surveys or interviews.

Data published in newspapers or government reports is an example of secondary data, as it is already collected and available.

Tabulation means arranging data systematically in rows and columns for easier understanding and analysis.

A target group is the particular set of individuals or entities chosen for data collection based on the survey’s objective.

A census collects data from the entire population, giving complete coverage, while a sample survey gathers data from a selected subset, saving time and resources but providing estimates rather than exact figures.

Statistical tools help analyse and interpret data, converting raw information into meaningful insights. They assist in identifying patterns, calculating averages and variability, and making informed decisions based on the data trends and relationships observed.

Selecting the target group ensures relevant and accurate data is collected. It determines the survey’s approach, type of questions, and influences the validity and applicability of conclusions drawn from the analysis.

Developing a statistical project involves several systematic steps to ensure reliable and meaningful analysis:

1. Identifying problem/area of study: A clear problem is defined to set the project’s direction.
2. Selecting target group: The appropriate group is chosen to gather relevant data.
3. Data collection: Data is gathered through primary (surveys) or secondary sources.
4. Organising & presenting data: Data is structured into tables and diagrams for clarity.
5. Data analysis & interpretation: Statistical tools are used to analyze findings and draw conclusions.
6. Conclusion and bibliography: Final insights are summarized, and sources are acknowledged.

Diagrams such as bar charts and pie charts convert numerical data into visual formats, enhancing clarity and ease of comparison.
Illustration (Toothpaste Survey):

• A bar diagram can show the distribution of family sizes and age groups effectively.
• A pie diagram can illustrate consumer preferences for different ingredients (e.g., herbal vs. chemical).

These visuals make data patterns more accessible, support quick interpretation, and are helpful for presentations.

(a) A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Reason: Interpretation bridges the gap between raw calculation and practical understanding.

(d) A is false, but R is true.
Reason: While professional agencies collect secondary data, it may not fit the specific needs of the current study or may be outdated, making it potentially less accurate than purpose-specific primary data.

They organised and presented the data using tables and diagrams.

Bar diagram; it clearly compares quantities across categories.

So the findings are relevant and representative, ensuring valid conclusions.

Analysis and interpretation of the collected data.

They can recommend improving cycling infrastructure to support the majority preference.